Enterococci and its enterocins as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry affected by necrotic enteritis

Abstract

Antibiotics have been widely used in therapeutic, prophylaxis and growth promotion in poultry farming. Due to the urgency of preventing the spread of multi-drug resistant bacteria, many governments have banned the use of antibiotics for growth promotion and urge for a general reduction of these agents in food production, requiring alternatives to preserve human and animal health. Clostridium perfringens infections associated with necrotic enteritis (NE) are one of the major threats of the poultry sector, that requires a close surveillance. Antibiotic resistance in C. perfringens is emerging, but as this microorganism is not subject to surveillance programmes, more information is needed to fully understand its antibiotic resistance profile. All this underlines the need to deepen in the control of NE associated to C. perfringens in the poultry sector reducing the use of antibiotics. Bacteriocin-producing (BAC+) bacteria, capable of inhibiting the growth of C. perfringens provide a good approach. Enterococci are characterized by the production of bacteriocins (enterocins) and can therefore be used for this purpose. However, these genera often contain virulence factors and antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Hence, due to their duality as commensal and opportunistic pathogen, a deep characterisation of these BAC+ enterococci is required. For this reason, the use of their enterocins instead could be an even better and more realistic approach. This thesis attempts to address this issue through the development of three main objectives. The first objective was to characterise at the genomic level a collection of C. perfringens isolates from poultry affected by NE. To this end, twenty isolates were characterised by whole genome sequencing (WGS) and data on their resistome, virulome, plasmidome, toxin genes and multilocus sequence typing were analysed. The results showed that the tet genes (associated with tetracycline resistance) were the most common resistance genes detected and, interestingly, two isolates carried the erm(T) gene associated with erythromycin resistance, which has only been reported in other Gram-positive bacteria. Twelve of the isolates were toxinotyped as type A and seven as type G. Other virulence factors encoding hyaluronases and sialidases and plasmids, were frequently detected. Identified sequence types revealed a high variability of the isolates and new allelic combinations were found. Among the isolates, C. perfringens MLG7307 showed unique characteristics, even lacking the housekeeping gene colA, suggesting that this isolate could belong to a new species/variant. Overall, the results obtained provide insights into the genomic characteristics of C. perfringens and a better understanding of this pathogen. The second objective was to screen and characterise for safety enterococcal strains of poultry origin with antimicrobial activity against C. perfringens. To this end, a collection of 251 enterococci from poultry was screened for antimicrobial activity against the C. perfringens collection and BAC+ strains were selected to perform WGS analysis in terms of the resistome, virulence, plasmidome and multilocus sequence typing. According to the results obtained, potentially harmless selected enterococci were also tested for digestive survival under poultry conditions. Among all enterococci, E. faecium X2893 and X2906 were the most promising candidates for further studies as protective cultures for poultry farming. Both strains belong to sequence type ST722, carry the genes encoding enterocin A and enterocin B, have no acquired resistance genes, do not carry plasmids, contain the acm gene involved in host colonisation and showed high survival rates under in vitro poultry digestive conditions. They are therefore good candidates for use as protective cultures in future studies. The last objective was to produce and purify enterocins with activity against the C. perfringens collection and other relevant bacterial poultry pathogens. Enterocins A, B, P, SEK4 and L50 were obtained by microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated against the C. perfringens collection and other relevant bacteria. Combinations of these enterocins, according to their mechanisms of action, were evaluated to achieve synergy. The results showed that the two peptides from L50 were the most active against C. perfringens, with L50A being more active. These peptides also showed the broadest spectrum, being active even against Gram-negative Campylobacter coli ATCC 33559 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27855. All combinations tested showed synergy or partial synergy. This study strengthens the idea of using enterocins alone and in synergistic combinations to inhibit the growth of C. perfringens and other pathogens as a promising alternative to antibiotics in the poultry sector. In conclusion, the use of BAC+ enterococci, and especially their enterocins, represents a very attractive alternative to antibiotics in the poultry sector. Further perspectives on this topic could include the optimisation of enterocin production and more detailed studied (toxicity, enzymatic degradation, etc), to ensure that their use is safe. Also, next steps can include in vivo infection models to assess their efficacy in preventing C. perfringens infection in poultry production.