Análisis y evaluación de las oportunidades de flexibilidad de la demanda en consumidores con capacidad de generación fotovoltaicaaplicación a sectores residenciales y comerciales

Resum

This doctoral dissertation has been presented in the form of thesis by publication. The development of renewable energy sources to achieve a sustainable scenario in the 2030-2050 horizon has led to an increase in the variability and rigidity of the Electricity Systems. Therefore, the integration of renewables should be related to an increase in the flexibility of the system, both in generation and demand sides. Demand Response policies have traditionally been oriented towards large consumers, but the residential sector should also be included as it accounts for approximately 27% of the total energy consumed in the European Union. The main objective of this Ph.D. is the study and development of new tools for the management of the generation and consumption of the so-called prosumers (consumers who produce their own energy). The target groups are customers in the residential and commercial segments, and some "special" consumers who normally are not participating actively in energy markets. The generation systems studied are photovoltaic, and the use of both direct (batteries, supercapacitors) and indirect (thermal storage systems) has also been considered. The work includes the analysis and integration of tools for the planning, operation, and evaluation of Demand Response by consumers and aggregators, as well as their participation in energy markets. Physically-Based Load Models (PBLM) and Short-Term Load and Generation Forecasting models (STLF) have been developed. For the measurement and verification of Demand Response, Customer Baselines (CBL) have been obtained in order to evaluate and calculate the incentives to be paid by the Energy Markets and the System Operators. Finally, Demand Response models have been applied to the railway electricity system. The installation of energy storage systems to take advantage of the regenerative braking of vehicles and the application of Demand Response policies to hotel loads to improve energy efficiency and demand flexibility in this sector have been evaluated. The results are presented in 5 scientific papers published in indexed journals. All of them demonstrate that Demand Response can improve the flexibility of the electricity system and the energy efficiency of consumers, with benefits at both the individual (users) and collective (electricity system) level. Demand Response can play a key role in the development of future energy systems and markets, but this requires a stable legislative framework, increased investments, greater involvement of all stakeholders, and technology support