Tools for social policy management: the SiSo Scale for measuring situations of social difficulty

  1. Raya Diez, Esther 1
  2. Lascorz Fumanal, Aurelio 2
  1. 1 Universidad de La Rioja
    info

    Universidad de La Rioja

    Logroño, España

    ROR https://ror.org/0553yr311

  2. 2 Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
    info

    Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha

    Ciudad Real, España

    ROR https://ror.org/05r78ng12

Revista:
Journal of Social Policy

ISSN: 0047-2794 1469-7823

Año de publicación: 2021

Páginas: 1-20

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.1017/S0047279421000684 SCOPUS: 2-s2.0-85121003903 GOOGLE SCHOLAR

Otras publicaciones en: Journal of Social Policy

Repositorio institucional: lockAcceso abierto Editor

Resumen

The design and evaluation of social policies requires information systems that enable social intervention with the people targeted by the programmes and services and that also offer indicators for the follow-up and monitoring of the policies adopted. The article presents the process of validation of a tool for diagnosing situations of social difficulty arising from social exclusion. The scale has been implemented in one of Spain’s seventeen Autonomous Communities and has been selected on the basis of Good Practice under the European Social Fund. Expert judges were consulted for content validity; the metric properties of the scores obtained by the scale were examined and an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) was performed to study the internal structure. The results show that the scale has adequate levels of content validity, construct validity and internal consistency. The SiSo Scale supplies a synthetic index of Social Position, providing professionals with the technical tools needed to carry out social diagnoses and simultaneously giving valid and reliable information on the social condition of people in a situation of social exclusion, which can guide social policy decision-making.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aguilar, M., Navarro, M. L. and Eransus, B. P. (2003) La exclusión multidimensional en el espacio urbano. [Multidimensional exclusion in urban areas], Community of Madrid: Madrid.Google Scholar
  • Alkire, S. and Foster, J. E. (2011), ‘Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement’, Journal of Public Economics 95(7-8): 476–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Alkire, S., Foster, J. E., Seth, S., Santos, M. E., Roche, J. M. and Ballon, P. (2015), ‘Multidimensional Poverty Measurement and Analysis: Chapter 2, The Framework’, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). Working Paper 83. pp. 1-61. https://www.ophi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/OPHIWP083_Ch2.pdf CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Arndt, C., Distante, R., Hussain, M. A., Østerdal, L. P., Huong, P. L. and Ibraimo, M. (2012), ‘Ordinal Welfare Comparisons with Multiple Discrete Indicators: A First Order Dominance Approach and Application to Child Poverty’, World Development, 40(11), 2290–2301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.010 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Arriola, J. (2014), ‘La estrategia de la Unión Europea de lucha contra la pobreza. VII Informe sobre exclusión y desarrollo social en España.’ [The European Union’s strategy for combating poverty. VII Report on exclusion and social development in Spain] Working paper 8.2. Madrid: FOESSA Foundation.Google Scholar
  • Baker, J. (2001), ‘Social exclusion in urban Uruguay’, World Bank Technical Paper, nº 518, 69-88, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/607691468762936514/pdf/multi0page.pdf.Google Scholar
  • Basque Government (2013), ‘Instrumentos comunes de diagnóstico social y valoración de la exclusión’ [Common tools for social diagnosis and assessment of exclusion], Department of Employment and Social Policies, https://www.euskadi.eus/instrumentos-comunes-diagnostico-social-valoracion-exclusion/web01-a2gizar/is/ Google Scholar
  • Bavier, R. (2009), ‘Europe’s Other Poverty Measures: Absolute Thresholds Underlying Social Assistance’, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 28, Nº 4, 732–738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Besharov, D. and Couch, K. (2009), ‘European Measures of Income, Poverty and Social Exclusion: Recent Developments and Lesson for U.S. Poverty Measurement’, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 28(4), 713–752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Besharov, D. J. and Couch, K. A. (2012), Counting the Poor: New Thinking About European Poverty Measures and Lessons for the United States. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Bramley, G. and Bailey, N. (eds.) (2018), Poverty and social exclusion in the UK: Volume 2 – The dimensions of disadvantage. Bristol, UK; Chicago, IL, USA: Bristol University Press.Google Scholar
  • Burkhauser, R. V. (2009), ‘Deconstructing European poverty measures: What relative and absolute scales measure’, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 28(4): 715–725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Canavos, G. C. (1990), Probabilidad y Estadística. Aplicaciones y métodos [Probability and Statistics. Applications and Methods], Macgraw Hill, Juárez: México.Google Scholar
  • Chakravarty, S. R. and D’Ambrosio, C. (2006), ‘The measurement of social exclusion’, Review of Income and Wealth, 52 (3),377–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Clert, C. and Wodon, A. (2001), ‘The targeting of government programs in Chile’, World Bank Technical Paper, nº 518, 43-68, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/607691468762936514/pdf/multi0page.pdf.Google Scholar
  • Council of Europe (2001), ‘Comunicación del Consejo – Objetivos en la lucha contra la pobreza y la exclusión social’. [Communication from the Council – Objectives in the fight against poverty and social exclusion] Official Gazette n ° C 082 of 03/13/2001 pp. 0004–0007.Google Scholar
  • Dermott, E. and Main, G. (eds.) (2018), Poverty and social exclusion in the UK: Volume 1 – The nature and extent of the problem. Bristol: Bristol University Press.Google Scholar
  • Désesquelles, A. (2002), ‘Towards a measurementof health-related social exclusión’, Gerontologie et Societe, 102 (3), 193–210.Google Scholar
  • European Commission (2003), ‘Joint report on social inclusion summarizing the results of the review of National Plans of Action for Social Inclusion (2003-2005)’. Brussels: European Commission, p. 9.Google Scholar
  • European Commission (2017), ‘Inclusión Social. Ficha temática del semestre europeo’ [Social inclusion. European Semester Thematic Factsheet] European Commission, available at https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/file_import/european-semester_thematic-factsheet_social_inclusion_es.pdf.Google Scholar
  • Fantova, F. (2017), ‘Servicios sociales e inclusión social: análisis y perspectivas en el País Vasco’ [Social services and social inclusion: analysis and perspectives in the Basque Country], Zerbitzuan: Gizarte zerbitzuetarako aldizkaria, 64, 9–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • FOESSA Foundation (2014) VII Informe sobre exclusión y desarrollo social en España [VII Report on social exclusion and development in Spain 2008], Madrid: FOESSA Foundation and Cáritas.Google Scholar
  • FOESSA Foundation (2019a), VIII Informe sobre exclusión y desarrollo social en España [VIII Report on social exclusion and development in Spain 2008], Madrid: FOESSA Foundation and Cáritas.Google Scholar
  • FOESSA Foundation (2019b), VIII Informe sobre exclusión y desarrollo social en Castilla-La Mancha [VIII Report on social exclusion and development in Castilla-La Mancha]. Madrid: FOESSA Foundation and Cáritas.Google Scholar
  • Gacitúa-Marió, E., Siaens, C. and Wodon, Q. (2001), ‘Reproductive health in Argentina’s poor rural area’, in Gacitúa-Marió, E. and Wodon, Q. (ed.) (2001), Measurement and meaning: combining quantitative and qualitative methods for the analysis of poverty and social exclusion in Latin America, World Bank Technical Paper, nº 518, 11-43 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/607691468762936514/pdf/multi0page.pdf.Google Scholar
  • Gacitúa-Marió, E. and Wodon, Q. (2001) ‘Measurement and meaning: combining quantitative and qualitative methods for the analysis of poverty and social exclusion in Latin America’, World Bank Technical Paper, nº 518. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/607691468762936514/pdf/multi0page.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Gilbert, N. (2009), ‘European measures of poverty and “Social Exclusion”: Material deprivation, consumption, and life satisfation’, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 28 (4), 738–744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Giménez, V., Domenech, Y. y Mateo, M.A. (2016). Exclusión social y Trabajo Social: diseño de un instrumento de diagnóstico para su uso en los servicios sociales de atención primaria en España [Social exclusion and Social Work: design of a diagnostic instrument for use in primary care social services in Spain]. In E. Pastor y L. Cano (coord.), Políticas e intervenciones ante los procesos de vulnerabilidad y exclusión de personas y territorios. Análisis comparado México-España [Policies and interventions in the face of the processes of vulnerability and exclusion of people and territories. Comparative analysis Mexico-Spain ] (pp. 189-208). Madrid: Dykinson. Google Scholar
  • Giménez, V., Domenech, Y., Mateo, M. A. and Alfonseti, N. (2018),´Validez y fiabilidad de la escala de diagnóstico de la exclusión social, modelo UA (ESS-UA)´ [Validity and reliability of the scale of diagnosis of social exclusion, UA model (ESS-UA)], III International Congress of Social Work (CIFETS 2018), Bilbao, 14-16 noviembre (paper).Google Scholar
  • Gingrich, L. G. and Lightman, N. (2015), ‘The empirical measurement of a theroetical concept: Tracing social exclusion among racial minority and migrant groups in Canada’, Social Inclusion, 3 (4), 98–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Gómez, R. (2010), ‘Pobreza y exclusión social en León y provincia en 2010. Estudio empírico’ [Poverty and social exclusion in León and province in 2010. Empirical study], Humanismo y Trabajo Social [Humanism and Social work], nº 9, 243–280.Google Scholar
  • Government of Navarre (1999), Plan de lucha contra la exclusión social en Navarra 1998-2005 [Plan Against social exclusion in Navarre 1998-2005] Department of Social Welfare, Sport and Youth: Pamplona.Google Scholar
  • Gross-Manos, D. (2015), ‘Material deprivation and social exclusion of children: Lessons from measurement attempts among children in Israel’, Journal of Social Policy, 44 (1) 105–125, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279414000646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Hernández, M. (2008), Exclusión social y desigualdad [Social exclusion and inequality], Murcia: University of Murcia.Google Scholar
  • Hirsch, D., Concialdi, P., Math, A., Padley, M., Pereira, E., Pereirinha, J. and Thornton, R. (2020), ‘The Minimum Income Standard and equivalisation: Reassessing relative costs of singles and couples and of adults and children’, Journal of Social Policy, Vol. 50 (1), pp. 148–167. https://doi:10.1017/S0047279419001004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Johnson, D. (2009), ‘Impressionistic Realism: The Europeans Focus the U.S. on Measurement’, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 28, Nº 4, pg. 713–752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Kamruzzman, M., Yigitcanlrar, T., Yang, J. and Mohamed, M. A. (2016), ‘Measures of transport-related social exclusion: A critical review of the literature’, Sustainability, 8, Issue 7, 1–30, https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070696 Google Scholar
  • Laparra, M. (1999), El espacio social de la exclusión. El Caso de Navarra [The Social space of exclusion. The case of Navarra], UNED: Madrid.Google Scholar
  • Laparra, M. and Pérez, B. (2008), Procesos de exclusión e itinerarios de inserción [Exclusion processes and insertion pathways]. Madrid: FOESSA Foundation and Cáritas.Google Scholar
  • Lenoir, R. (1974), Les exclus: Un français sur dix, Le soleil: Paris.Google Scholar
  • Mateo, M. A. and Penalva, C. (2000), ‘Measuring social exclusion: Social networks and long-time employed in Spain’, Psicothema, 12, 368–372.Google Scholar
  • McDonald, R. P. (1999), Test theory: A unified treatment, Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, INC.Google Scholar
  • Organic Law 3/2018, de Protección de Datos Personales y garantía de los derechos legales, [Personal Data Protection Act and guarantee of legal rights] https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2018/BOE-A-2018-16673-consolidado.pdf Google Scholar
  • Parrilla Fernández, J. M. (2010), ‘Pobreza y exclusión social en Asturias’ [Poverty and social exclusion in Asturias], in Fundación Juan Muñiz, Zapico (ed.) Caras de la crisis [Faces of the crisis], 75–182.Google Scholar
  • Peña, D. (2001), Fundamentos de Estadística [Fundamentals of Statistics]. Alianza Editorial: Madrid.Google Scholar
  • Raya, E. (2006), Indicadores de exclusión social. Una aproximación al estudio aplicado de la exclusión socia [Social exclusion indicators. An approach to the applied study of social exclusion], Bilbao: University of the Basque Country.Google Scholar
  • Raya, E. (2007), ‘Exclusión social: Indicadores para su estudio y aplicación al trabajo social’ [Social exclusion: Indicators for its study and application to social work], Revista del Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración, 70 [Journal of the Ministry of Labour and Immigration], 155–172.Google Scholar
  • Raya, E. (2010), Aplicaciones de una herramienta para el diagnóstico y la investigación en exclusión social [Applications of a tool for diagnosis and research on social exclusion], Documentos de Trabajo Social [Social Work Documents], nº 48, pág. 117–136.Google Scholar
  • Sartu, Federación (2002), Observatorio de Procesos de Exclusión y de Incorporación Social [Observatory of exclusion and social inclusion process]. Bilbao: Sartu Federation.Google Scholar
  • Schönfelder, S. and Axhausen, K. W. (2003), ‘Activity spaces: Measures of social exclusion?’, Transport Policy, 10 (4), 273–286 https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004492887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Scutella, R. and Wilkins, R. (2010), ‘Measuring Social Exclusion in Australia: Assessing Existing Data Sources’, Australian Economic Review, 43 (4), 449–463 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Silver, H. (2007), The Process of Social Exclusion: The Dynamics of an Evolving Concept, Manchester: Chronic Poverty Research Centre.Google Scholar
  • Sireci, S. G. (2003), ‘Validity content’, in Ballesteros, R. F. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychological assessment. London, UK: Sage.Google Scholar
  • Smith, L. K. and Hancock, R. M. (2004), ‘Do we need an age specific measure of consensual poverty for older adults? Evidence from the poverty and social exclusion survey’, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58 (7), 616–617 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2003.011544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
  • Subirats, J. (dir.) (2004), ‘Pobreza y exclusión social. Un análisis de la realidad española y europea’ [Poverty and social exclusion. An analysis of the Spanish and European reality], La Caixa Foundation. Social Studies nº 16. Barcelona.Google Scholar
  • Suhl, K. and Carreno, M. (2011), ‘Can transport related social exclusion be measured?: A review of existing German and UK practice’, 8th International conference on Environmental Engineerign, ICEE 2011, 1001-1008.Google Scholar
  • Townsend, P. (1987), ´Deprivation´, Journal of Social Policy 16(2):125–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Treanor, M. C. (2014), ‘Deprived or not deprived? Comparing the measured extent of material deprivation using the UK government’s and the Poverty and Social Exclusion surveys’ method of calculating material deprivation’, Quality and Quantity, 48 (3), 1337–1346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • van Bergen, A. P. L., Hoff, S. J. M., van Ameijden, E. J. C. and van Hemert, A. M. (2014), ‘Measuring Social Exclusion in Routine Public Health Surveys: Construction of a Multidimensional Instrument’, PLoS ONE 9(5): e98680. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Vogel, J., Boelhouwer, J. and Veenhoven, R. (2003), ‘Measuring social exclusion for the ESS core module’, http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/ Google Scholar
  • Vrooman, J. C. and Hoff, S. J. M. (2013), ‘The Disadvantaged Among the Dutch: A Survey Approach to the Multidimensional Measurement of Social Exclusion’. Social Indicators Research 113: 1261–1287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  • Yoshikawa, H., Godfrey, E. B. and Rivera, A. C. (2008), ‘Access to institutional resources as a measure of social exclusion: relations with family process and cognitive development in the context of immigration’. New directions for child and adolescent development, 2008(121), 63–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.223 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
  • Zugasti, N. and Laparra, M. (2017), ‘Midiendo la pobreza a nivel autonómico en España. Una propuesta reflexiva.’ [Measuring poverty at the regional level in Spain. A reflective proposal], Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas [Spanish Journal of Sociological Research], 158: 117–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.158.117.Google Scholar